Lhermitte's sign
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Lhermitte's sign
Other names Lhermitte phenomenon
Pronunciation
/lɛərˈmiːt/
Differential diagnosis Compression of the upper spinal cord, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, Behçet's disease, osteogenesis imperfecta
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lhermitte phenomenon, also called the barber chair phenomenon, is an uncomfortable "electrical" sensation that runs through the back and into the limbs. The sensation can feel like it goes up or down the spine.
In many people, it is elicited by bending the head forward.[1] It can also be evoked when a practitioner pounds on the cervical spine while the neck is flexed; this is caused by involvement of the posterior columns.
Lhermitte phenomenon is named after the French neurologist Jean Lhermitte.
The sign suggests a lesion or compression of the upper cervical spinal cord or lower brainstem—usually dorsal columns of the cervical cord or caudal medulla.
Although often considered a classic finding in multiple sclerosis, it can be caused by a number of conditions, including transverse myelitis, Behçet disease,[2] osteogenesis imperfecta,[3] trauma, radiation myelopathy,[4] vitamin B12 deficiency (subacute combined degeneration), compression of the spinal cord in the neck from any cause such as cervical spondylosis, disc herniation, tumor, and Arnold–Chiari malformation. Lhermitte's sign may also appear during or following high-dose chemotherapy.[5] Irradiation of the cervical spine may also evoke it as an early delayed radiation injury, which occurs within 4 months of radiation therapy.
Delayed onset Lhermittes sign has been reported following head and/or neck trauma.[6][7] This occurs ~2 1/2 months following injury, without associated neurological symptoms or pain, and typically resolves within 1 year.
This sign is also sometimes seen as part of a "discontinuation syndrome" associated with certain psychotropic medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, particularly paroxetine and venlafaxine. Typically, it only occurs after having taken the medication for some duration, and then stopped or withdrawn rapidly or after administering reduced dose. Fluoxetine, given its very long half-life, can be given as a single small dose, and often avoid Lhermitte's sign and other withdrawal symptoms.[8]
In the dental field, three studies (Layzer 1978, Gutmann 1979, Blanco 1983) have identified Lhermitte sign among nitrous oxide abusers. This is likely due to nitrous oxide depletion of vitamin B12 leading to a very severe, rapid deficiency in the absence of supplementation.
Terminology
Lhermitte sign is not attributed to its discoverer.[9] It was first described by Pierre Marie and Chatelin in 1917.[10] Jean Lhermitte, a French neurologist and neuropsychiatrist, did not publish his first report until 1920.[11] However, in 1924 he did publish the seminal article on the subject which resulted in it becoming well known.[12]
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氨? 胺? 銨?
Post published:2020-10-15
Post category:最新消息
他們分別是什麼呢
氨（英語：Ammonia，或稱氨氣、無水氨，曾音譯作��、氬、阿摩尼亞，分子式為NH3）是無色氣體，有強烈刺激氣味（尿味），極易溶於水。常溫常壓下，1單位體積水可溶解700倍體積的氨。氨對地球上的生物相當重要，是所有食物和肥料的重要成分。氨也是很多藥物和商業清潔用品直接或間接的組成部分，具有腐蝕性等危險性質。
由於氨有廣泛的用途，成為世界上產量最多的無機化合物之一，約八成用於製作化肥。2006年，氨的全球產量估計為1.465億噸，主要用於製造商業清潔產品。氨可以提供孤電子對，所以也是路易斯鹼。
孤電子對-long pair不與其他原子或共享
路易斯鹼-能夠給出電子對的分子
胺（英語：amine）是氨分子（NH3）中的氫被烴基取代後形成的一類有機化合物，簡稱｢胺｣。胺類是含氮的有機化合物可視為氨的衍生物，因具有生理活性而被用作藥物,其中一個或以上的氫原子被烷基或芳香基取代。不建議將｢胺（amine）寫成｢氨｣（ammonia），兩者意義與英文名稱不同。
胺基（－NH2、－NHR、－NR2）是胺的官能團。如果氮原子連著羰基(C=O)，那麼該化合物則稱為醯胺，其化學性質與胺並不相同。
胺類性質似於氨，水溶液呈弱鹼性，易溶於酸中。
銨（英語：Ammonium，舊譯作錏，化學式NH4+），又叫銨離子、銨根、銨根離子，是由氨分子衍生出的正一價、帶1個正電的離子。氨分子與一個氫正離子配位結合就形成銨根離子（氨提供孤電子對）。銨離子在化學反應中相當於金屬離子。
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BA
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B5
參考文獻
Lhermitte's sign
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Lhermitte's sign
Other names Lhermitte phenomenon
Pronunciation
/lɛərˈmiːt/
Differential diagnosis Compression of the upper spinal cord, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, Behçet's disease, osteogenesis imperfecta
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lhermitte phenomenon, also called the barber chair phenomenon, is an uncomfortable "electrical" sensation that runs through the back and into the limbs. The sensation can feel like it goes up or down the spine.
In many people, it is elicited by bending the head forward.[1] It can also be evoked when a practitioner pounds on the cervical spine while the neck is flexed; this is caused by involvement of the posterior columns.
Lhermitte phenomenon is named after the French neurologist Jean Lhermitte.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Associated conditions
The sign suggests a lesion or compression of the upper cervical spinal cord or lower brainstem—usually dorsal columns of the cervical cord or caudal medulla.
Although often considered a classic finding in multiple sclerosis, it can be caused by a number of conditions, including transverse myelitis, Behçet disease,[2] osteogenesis imperfecta,[3] trauma, radiation myelopathy,[4] vitamin B12 deficiency (subacute combined degeneration), compression of the spinal cord in the neck from any cause such as cervical spondylosis, disc herniation, tumor, and Arnold–Chiari malformation. Lhermitte's sign may also appear during or following high-dose chemotherapy.[5] Irradiation of the cervical spine may also evoke it as an early delayed radiation injury, which occurs within 4 months of radiation therapy.
Delayed onset Lhermittes sign has been reported following head and/or neck trauma.[6][7] This occurs ~2 1/2 months following injury, without associated neurological symptoms or pain, and typically resolves within 1 year.
This sign is also sometimes seen as part of a "discontinuation syndrome" associated with certain psychotropic medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, particularly paroxetine and venlafaxine. Typically, it only occurs after having taken the medication for some duration, and then stopped or withdrawn rapidly or after administering reduced dose. Fluoxetine, given its very long half-life, can be given as a single small dose, and often avoid Lhermitte's sign and other withdrawal symptoms.[8]
In the dental field, three studies (Layzer 1978, Gutmann 1979, Blanco 1983) have identified Lhermitte sign among nitrous oxide abusers. This is likely due to nitrous oxide depletion of vitamin B12 leading to a very severe, rapid deficiency in the absence of supplementation.
Terminology
Lhermitte sign is not attributed to its discoverer.[9] It was first described by Pierre Marie and Chatelin in 1917.[10] Jean Lhermitte, a French neurologist and neuropsychiatrist, did not publish his first report until 1920.[11] However, in 1924 he did publish the seminal article on the subject which resulted in it becoming well known.[12]
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外文系的口訣:青竹(筏喻)絲(嘶嘶嘶叫絲路叫的蛇喻)
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「蛇喻」的教訓：聞思佛法時，切忌用自意推理，斷章取義，必須對法有正確、完整、透徹的理解，否則難免誤解佛意，修行無果，甚至有反效果，就像一個不懂捉蛇的人反被蛇咬。 如果有不懂的地方，應當請示 世尊或是有智慧的比丘。
「筏喻」的教訓：正見是渡河之筏，沒有正見，無法渡河解脫。 渡河之後，捨棄此筏，因為即使是正法，也不是我們應該執取的物件。
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東大生的強者思維特訓課 :
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作 者 西岡壱誠著 ; 楊毓瑩譯
版 本 項 初版
出 版 項 臺北市 :：商周出版,，2021[民110]
稽 核 項 264面 ;：21公分
ISBN／裝訂／價格 9786267012529／平裝／NT$360
集 叢 項 新商業周刊叢書 ;.BW0781.
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